![]() Sakamoto Y (2009) Classification of pharyngeal muscles based on innervations from glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves in human. Ludlow CL, Van Pelt F, Koda J (1992) Characteristics of late responses to superior laryngeal nerve stimulation in humans. Sasaki CT, Jassin B, Kim YH, Hundal J, Rosenblatt W, Ross DA (2003) Central facilitation of the glottis closure reflex in humans. Sasaki CT, Suzuki M (1976) Laryngeal reflexes in cat, dog, and man. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 282:R1342–R1347. Kitagawa J, Shingai T, Takahashi Y, Yamada Y (2002) Pharyngeal branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve plays a major role in reflex swallowing from the pharynx. doi: 10.1007/s0042-5īarczyński M, Randolph GW, Cernea CR et al (2013) External branch of the superior laryngeal nerve monitoring during thyroid and parathyroid surgery: international Neural Monitoring Study Group standards guideline statement. Uludag M, Aygun N, Isgor A (2016) Innervation of the human cricopharyngeal muscle by the recurrent laryngeal nerve and external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve. Randolph GW, Dralle H, Abdullah H et al (2011) Electrophysiologic recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring during thyroid and parathyroid surgery: international standards guideline statement. Sritharan N, Chase M, Kamani D, Randolph M, Randolph GW (2015) The vagus nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerve, and external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve have unique latencies allowing for intraoperative documentation of intact neural function during thyroid surgery. Mu L, Sanders I (2000) Sensory nerve supply of the human oro- and laryngopharynx: preliminary study. Mu L (2007) Sanders I (2007) Neuromuscular specializations within human pharyngeal constrictor muscles. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 140:1056–1060. Paskhover B, Wadie M, Sasaki CT (2014) The pharyngeal plexus-mediated glottic closure response and associated neural connections of the plexus. Matsuzaki H, Paskhover B, Sasaki CT (2014) Contribution of the pharyngeal plexus to vocal cord adduction. Shaker R, Medda BK, Ren J, Jaradeh S, Xie P, Lang IM (1998) Pharyngoglottal closure reflex: identification and characterization in a feline model. Kitagawa J, Nakagawa K, Hasegawa M et al (2009) Facilitation of reflex swallowing from the pharynx and larynx. Suzuki M, Sasaki CT (1977) Effect of various sensory stimuli on reflex laryngeal adduction. Laryngoscope 109:983–987ĭomer AS, Kuhn MA, Belafsky PC (2013) Neurophysiology and clinical implications of the laryngeal adductor reflex. Sanudo JR, Maranillo E, Leon X, Mirapeix RM, Orus C, Quer M (1999) An anatomical study of anastomoses between the laryngeal nerves. Martin-Oviedo C, Maranillo E, Lowy-Benoliel A et al (2011) Functional role of human laryngeal nerve connections. Maranillo E, Leon X, Orus C, Quer M, Sanudo JR (2005) Variability in nerve patterns of the adductor muscle group supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Rubin AD, Sataloff RT (2008) Vocal fold paresis and paralysis: what the thyroid surgeon should know. In some cases, the plexus pharyngeus may contribute to vocal cord innervation by reflex or direct innervation patterns in humans. The short latencies seen in the other four cases correlated with direct innervation. In one case, the long latency time of 19.8 ms correlated with innervation by the glottic closure reflex pathway. The mean EMG amplitude of the vocal cords with stimulation of the plexus pharyngeus was 147 ± 35.5 μV (range 110–203). With stimulation of the plexus pharyngeus on 125 operated sides, positive electromyographic waveforms were detected from five ipsilateral vocal cords (accounting for 3.2% of all vocal cords monitored and 6.3% of patients). The ipsilateral pharyngeal plexus, external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve, and recurrent laryngeal nerve were stimulated with a monopolar probe at 1 mA. While vocal cord function was evaluated with endotracheal tube surface electrodes, cricothyroid and cricopharyngeal muscle electromyographic recordings were obtained with a pair of needle electrodes. One hundred twenty-five sides from 79 patients (59 female, 20 male) undergoing thyroid surgery with intraoperative neuromonitoring were prospectively evaluated. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether or not the plexus pharyngeus contributes to the innervation of the vocal cords. To date there has been no reported data on the role of the pharyngeal plexus in vocal cord innervation. Classical understanding of the function of the pharyngeal plexus in humans is that it relies on both motor branches for innervation of the majority of pharyngeal muscles and sensory branches for the pharyngeal wall sensation.
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